Photocatalytic decomposition of crotamiton over aqueous TiO(2) suspensions: determination of intermediates and the reaction pathway

The photocatalytic degradation of crotamiton in aqueous solution using TiO₂ was investigated. To investigate the effect of initial pH, the photodegradation behaviors of three types of pharmaceuticals were compared (crotamiton, clofibric acid, sulfamethoxazole). The degradation rates of crotamiton in the pH range 3-9 were nearly equal, but those of clofibric acid and sulfamethoxazole were affected by pH. At pH > 6.5, TiO₂ particles, clofibric acid and sulfamethoxazole had negative charge, therefore, the repulsive force between TiO₂ particles and anionic pharmaceuticals occurred and a low reaction rate at high pH was observed. The effect of UV intensity and TiO₂ concentration on photodegradation efficiency was also investigated. Linear and logarithmical relationships between UV intensity, TiO₂ concentration and the reaction rate constant were confirmed. Furthermore, the structures of photodegradation intermediates formed concomitantly with the disappearance of crotamiton were estimated. Seven intermediates were characterized by LC/MS/MS analyses, and it was assumed that the photocatalytic degradation of crotamiton was initiated by the attack of electrophilic hydroxyl radicals on aromatic rings and alkyl chains.     

Changes in mutagenicity during biodegradation of fenitrothion

In order to investigate changes in the mutagenicity of fenitrothion during its biodegradation in solution, measurements were conducted at intervals in batch cultures incubated under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Fenitrothion-degrading bacteria were obtained from a green onion field on the west side of Gifu University, Japan. Fenitrothion was almost completely decomposed by day 12 under both types of incubation condition. The indirect mutagenicity of the solution to strains YG1029 and YG1042, however, increased markedly during anaerobic biodegradation. The increase in mutagenicity was partially due to amino-fenitrothion, a metabolite formed during anaerobic biodegradation of fenitrothion.     

Studies on enhanced degradable plastics. III. The effect of weathering of polyethylene and (ethylene-carbon monoxide) copolymers on moisture and carbon dioxide permeability

Two enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes were studied to determine the effect of photooxidative degradation upon transport properties. Water vapor permeability of LDPE films containing metal compound prooxidants, weathered to different extents under outdoor exposure was studied. A film made of LDPE blended with 20 wt% of polycaprolactone was also examined to determine if biodegradation over a 40-day period resulted in a measurable change in its water vapor transport characteristics. A gravimetric technique was used to study the effects of outdoor and weather-ometer exposures on the permeability of carbon dioxide of both the LDPE film and (ethylene-carbon monoxide) copolymer films. Generally, photooxidative degradation was seen to be accompanied by a change in transport characteristics of the polymer films.     

Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol A in wastewater from wastepaper recycling plants

Chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A were detected in the final effluents of eight paper manufacturing plants in Shizuoka, Japan, where thermal paper and/or other printed paper is used as the raw material. Their amounts were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after treatment with N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and ranged from traces to 2.0 microg/l. They are likely produced by chlorination of bisphenol A, which was released into the effluents from the pulping process of wastepaper, during or after bleaching with chlorine.     

TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Hemp Bast Holocellulose to Prepare Cellulose Nanofibrils Dispersed in Water

Hemp bast holocellulose fiber (Cannabis sativa L. Subsp. Sativa) was oxidized by TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-mediated oxidation at various NaClO addition levels in water at pH 10. When carboxylate contents of the oxidized products were 1.5–1.7 mmol/g, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils almost completely dispersed at the individual nanofibril were obtained by mechanical disintegration of the TEMPO-oxidized hemp bast holocelluloses in water, where the nanofibrillation yields were 98–100 %. The sugar composition analysis revealed that most of hemicelluloses originally present in the hemp bast holocellulose were degraded and removed from the solid oxidized products, providing almost pure TEMPO-oxidized celluloses. X-ray diffraction patterns of all TEMPO-oxidized hemp bast holocelluloses had the same cellulose I crystal structure and similar crystallinity indices and crystal widths, indicating that carboxylate groups formed by the oxidation were selectively present on the crystalline cellulose microfibril surfaces in the holocellulose. However, the weight recovery ratios and viscosity-average degrees of polymerization of the TEMPO-oxidized hemp bast holocelluloses decreased to 69–59 % and 470–380, respectively, when their carboxylate contents increased to 1.5–1.7 mmol/g by the TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Atomic force microscopy height images showed that the nanofibril widths were 2.7–2.9 nm, and the average nanofibril lengths decreased from 590 to 400 nm as the NaClO addition level was increased from 7.5 to 12.5 mmol/g in the TEMPO-mediated oxidation.     

Virus inactivation during coagulation with aluminum coagulants

We used the bacteriophages Qβ and MS2 to determine whether viruses are inactivated by aluminum coagulants during the coagulation process. We performed batch coagulation and filtration experiments with virus-containing solutions. After filtering the supernatant of the coagulated solution through a membrane with a pore size of 50 nm, we measured the virus concentration by both the plaque forming unit (PFU) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The virus concentration determined by the PFU method, which determines the infectious virus concentration, was always lower than that determined by the PCR-based method, which determines total virus concentration, regardless of infectivity. This discrepancy can be explained by the formation of aggregates consisting of several virus particles or by the inactivation of viruses in the coagulation process. The former possibility can be discounted because (i) aggregates of several virus particles would not pass through the 50-nm pores of the filtration membrane, and (ii) our particle size measurements revealed that the virus particles in the membrane filtrate were monodispersed. These observations clearly showed that non-infectious Qβ particles were present in the membrane filtrate after the coagulation process with aluminum coagulants. We subsequently revealed that the viruses lost their infectivity after being mixed with hydrolyzing aluminum species during the coagulation process.     

赤红壤地区茶叶施用有机无机复肥的效果初探

本试验比较了三种不同Ｎ／Ｋ２Ｏ的有机无机复肥和进口复肥在赤红壤茶园上的施用效果．结果表明，施用有机无机复肥能促进茶树生长，增大茶芽密度．提高茶叶产量，增加茶叶的茶多酚和氨基酸含量；且能增加土壤有机质含量，平衡土壤养分．有机无机复肥中的Ｎ／Ｋ２Ｏ对其肥效的发挥有重要作用，Ｎ／ｋ２Ｏ值以４．５为宜．     

一起机械振动导致高压隔离开关误动分析及改进

针对某750 kV变电站由于机械振动导致高压隔离开关误动作的问题,通过对寄生回路排查、接触器安装工艺及选型等方面进行具体分析,提出了避免高压隔离开关误动作的有效改进措施。应用结果表明:改进后高压隔离开关运行环境更为稳定,有效地降低了分合闸接触器由于机械振动导致误动作的可能性,为后续变电站高压隔离开关设计制造、安装和运维等方面提供宝贵经验。     

糖厂碳法滤坭对赤红壤上柑桔施用效果初探

试验结果表明，施用碳法滤坭可明显地提高土壤的ｐＨ值和土壤的速效磷含量；适量滤坭配施钾肥可比单施钾肥显著或极显著地提高柑桔的产量，明显地提高柑桔果汁的Ｖｃ和柠檬酸含量，柑桔的可溶性固形物含量、可食部分和果汁含量也有提高；单施滤坭对提高柑桔产量和改善柑桔品质也有一定的效果．滤坭配施钾肥对提高柑桔产质的效果优于与其等当量的石灰配施钾肥，故认为碳法滤坭可代替石灰应用于改良赤红壤的酸性．     

春季南海东沙岛硝酸盐干沉降通量、形成机制及其来源

硝酸盐是大气中主要的酸性离子,也是大气活性氮沉降主要的组成部分。中国目前对大气硝酸盐形成机制及其来源的研究主要集中在陆地区域,对海洋气溶胶的硝酸盐的形成机制及其来源的研究较少。本研究于2013年春季（3—5月）,在中国南海东沙岛共计采集了86个总悬浮颗粒（TSP）气溶胶样本,分析了TSP样品中NO₃⁻浓度、δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻和δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值。结果表明：东沙岛春季TSP中浓度呈现逐月下降的趋势。基于浓度估算东沙岛春季NO₃⁻-N干沉降通量范围为(1.0±0.5)—(3.4±1.7) mg·d⁻¹·m⁻²（以N计,余同）。δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值在3月和4月（76.1‰±3.8‰和79.1‰±5.6‰）明显高于5月（67.0‰±7.5‰）,表明东沙岛3月和4月硝酸盐的形成路径不同于5月。贝叶斯同位素混合模型计算结果显示：N₂O₅参与的路径（N₂O₅+H₂O/Cl⁻和NO₃+VOCs）在3月和4月生成了37.2%和43.3%的硝酸盐,5月NO₂+OH路径是硝酸盐的主要形成路径,形成了80.2%的硝酸盐。δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻值和气团后向轨迹表明,东沙岛春季不同月份TSP中NO₃⁻的来源不同,3月和4月以陆地源为主,5月主要受海洋源影响。